51吃瓜

More about luminary

贰苍驳濒颈蝉丑听濒耻尘颈苍补谤测听comes from Middle English luminari(e) 鈥渓ight (especially of the sun or moon), lamp, source of spiritual light, shining example of holiness, earthly glory,鈥� from Old French luminarie, luminaire, from Medieval Latin 濒奴尘颈苍腻谤颈补 (plural of聽濒奴尘颈苍腻谤别), from Late Latin 濒奴尘颈苍腻谤颈补 鈥渓ights, lamps,鈥� used in the Vulgate for the lights in the Jewish temple in Jerusalem and in Christian churches. (The Vulgate is the Latin version of the Bible, prepared chiefly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century a.d.). In Latin of the classical period, 濒奴尘颈苍腻谤别 meant merely 鈥渨indow, window shutter.鈥� Luminary entered English in the late 15th century.

More about redoubtable

贰苍驳濒颈蝉丑听redoubtable comes from Middle English redoutable 鈥渢errible, frightening, worthy of honor, venerable,鈥� ultimately from Old French redotable, redoubtable, a derivative of the verb redouter 鈥渢o fear, dread.鈥� Redouter is formed from a French use of the prefix re– as an intensive (for instance, in refine), a use that Latin re– does not have, and from Latin 诲耻产颈迟腻谤别 鈥渢o doubt, hesitate, waver鈥� (but not 鈥渢o fear鈥�). Redoubtable entered English in the first half of the 15th century.

More about beadledom

Beadledom, 鈥渁 gratuitous or officious display or exercise of authority, as by petty officials,鈥� is a compound of beadle and the noun suffix –dom. In Old English a 产媒诲别濒 meant 鈥渁 herald, proclaimer, preacher,鈥� from an original Germanic budilaz 鈥渁 herald,鈥� akin to Old High German butyl and German 叠眉迟迟别濒 鈥渂ailiff, beadle.鈥� The Germanic word was adopted into Romance, becoming bidello in Italian, bedel in Spanish and Old French, and bidellus or bedellus in Medieval Latin.

Nowadays a beadle is a minor officer in a parish who acts as an usher and maintains order during services, a sense the word has had since the late 16th century. The Middle English forms, such as budel, beodel, bidell (deriving from Old English 产媒诲别濒), were gradually replaced by French bedel beginning in the early 14th century; the modern spelling beadle dates from the early 17th century.

The abstract noun suffix –dom, indicating a state or condition, as in 飞颈蝉诲贸尘 鈥渨isdom鈥� and 肠测苍颈苍驳诲贸尘 鈥渒ingdom,鈥� is akin to Old English and Old Saxon –诲贸尘, German –tum (as in Heiligtum 鈥渟anctuary, shrine, relic鈥�), and was originally an independent noun meaning 鈥減utting, position, stature, judgment,” a derivative of the verb do. Beadledom entered English in the 1840s.