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However, these models hinged on access to privileged information about absolute space at all times -- information that the animal does not have.

“We had to adjust some notions of what we thought was absolute. There was absolute space and time for Newton,” Venkatesh says.

Thus, Newton opined that motion is ultimately defined as change of position with respect to absolute space.

“I have never written a novel that just sort of springs from the head of Zeus, from an absolute space of fiction,” Luiselli said.

Next, Albert Einstein demolished Newtonian notions of absolute space and time.