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Whether chloronitramide anion will be linked to any cancers or has other adverse health risks will be assessed in future work by academics and regulatory agencies, such as the U.S.

Nickel, cobalt, and manganese enter the solution, where they are bound into stable complexes by the citric acid anions.

Their analysis revealed the persistence of halogen bonds between the cation and the anion guiding the sequential dynamics.

"We've demonstrated that the materials design with anions can break the ceiling of energy density for batteries that are more sustainable and cost less," Ji said.

The drawback for these has been that the battery cell decomposes more solvent than the few salt anions, which leads to an organic-dominated and less stable interphase layer.