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“No one wants to curtail freedom of expression,” said Estela Aranha, Lula’s coordinator for digital rights, a new position.

Diego Aranha, an associate professor of systems security at Aarhus University in Denmark, who has participated in official security tests of Brazil’s electoral system, agreed.

While the machines don’t have individual identification numbers in their internal logs, those numbers do appear on printed receipts that show the sum of all votes cast for each candidate, said Aranha, adding the bug was only detected due to the efforts by the electoral authority to provide greater transparency.

“It’s not clear that it would solve the problem, either. People would still have crazy theories,” Mr. Aranha said.

“I’m talking about computer security theory,” said Diego Aranha, a cybersecurity researcher who has studied Brazil’s voting machines for years.