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“For the last two or three years I have been ruefully remarking that A.N.S.F. is Afghan for ARVN,” said Mr. Bergreen, who worked on intelligence matters on Capitol Hill from 2003 to 2021.

It took two years for South Vietnam’s military, known by the American acronym ARVN, to collapse after the United States withdrew troops and financial support.

Primary responsibility for securing the Republic of Vietnam thereby fell to ARVN.

These Viet Cong prisoners are ready to be transported by the ARVN, 1964.

By the time the battle ended, on Feb. 25, the U.S./ARVN side had prevailed, but the city lay in ruins.