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Time will tell if the aversive conditioning helps the Wapiti Pack turn the corner and act more like wild wolves.

It’s known as aversive conditioning, and the volunteers can only hope it works.

Electric shocks and other painful treatments known as "aversive conditioning" were more widely accepted decades ago, but mainstream psychiatry now relies on behavioral modification, prescription drugs and other therapies.

Electric shocks and other painful or unpleasant treatments known as “aversive conditioning” were more widely accepted decades ago.

Rather, the GED is used as a variation of “aversive conditioning”, in which negative stimulation is applied to a patient when he or she performs an unwanted action.