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Gottschalk prescribed an anti-epileptic drug called topiramate, which he says has “phenomenal anti-migraine properties”, and nadolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker that is usually used to treat hypertension.

It recommends that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers be used as a first-line treatment for hypertension in obese people with type 2 diabetes, as they are less likely to contribute to weight gain than beta-adrenergic blockers, the guideline notes.

More specifically, the drugs block the so-called beta-adrenergic receptors--molecules, found in muscles, that respond to surges of adrenaline.