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Of the many carotenoids found in nature, beta-carotene is the star player: a strong orange tint and high "bioavailability" — the term used to describe drug absorption — make it particularly influential.

Now that safety and tolerability have been established in healthy adults, the authors said they will be conducting future studies to evaluate the bioavailability and clinical effectiveness of intranasal bumetanide in patients with heart failure.

Tyrosine has limited bioavailability in living organisms.

Milk proteins could also potentially affect the absorption, or bioavailability, of caffeine by the human body.

"Oral bioavailability means that you can take the medicine by mouth and do not need to visit a health care setting to receive treatment," says Timothy Sheahan, PhD, an expert virologist and assistant professor of epidemiology at the Gillings School.