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“The mitochondria is your bioenergetics, so your energy in your body is produced by all of the mitochondria in your cells,” Beheshti said.

“When the bioenergetics are damaged, you can imagine that it has detrimental effects … impacting your immune system and circadian rhythm.”

Are these vesicles by-products of disrupted bioenergetics, or do they form as a result of physical interactions between the compound and the membrane lipids?

But it remains unclear to what extent rodent models recapitulate abnormalities present in humans, given critical species differences in heart size, cardiac physiology, electrophysiology, and bioenergetics.

The Center for Aquatic Biology and Aquaculture was studying bioenergetics — how cells transform energy — and environmental stressors on fish species including green and white sturgeon and endangered chinook salmon, both of which face challenges in the wild in California.