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“I would hate for it to become a formulaic part of the writing or research process,” says Núñez-de la Mora, who is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Biosocial Science.

Wright and others called the emerging discipline biosocial criminology — a rebranding that was complete by 2009, when Walsh and a colleague edited a book, "Biosocial Criminology," featuring essays from leading scholars in the young field.

Biosocial criminologists, he wrote, "will have to show how the new paradigm rejects its repressive heritage."

Not everyone was convinced that biosocial criminology was so different from its predecessors.

Portions of the field would go on to celebrate those ideas: Despite Walsh's ongoing writing about race and crime, the Biosocial Criminology Association honored him with its lifetime achievement award in 2014, citing his "invaluable impact on our current understanding of why people commit crime and delinquency."