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Also joining them were thousands eager to wreak vengeance on the Alawites, a minority they blame for empowering Assad’s brutal rule, even though most did not benefit from the former regime.

Other leaders have been more vocal in their criticism, with French President Emmanuel Macron branding the decision to impose 20% tariffs on the EU as "brutal and unfounded".

French President Emmanuel Macron called them brutal, unfounded and certain to have a "massive impact" on the European economy.

The brutal phoenix of American history remains constant in Nguyen’s novel.

Jones, now 60, was sentenced to death in 1996 for the brutal double murder of an elderly couple during a robbery in their Mead Valley home.