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The fat around the tummy caused by these calorific foods combined with a sedentary lifestyle is also linked to high blood pressure, in addition to inflammation of the blood vessels and diabetes.

Reduced calorific intake will lead to weight loss – but how are the metabolic effects on blood glucose and lipids mediated?

“From my point of view, however, meat was and is not necessarily nutritionally relevant. Proteins alone do not have a particularly high calorific value,” Kindler adds.

Every day they’re alive, she wrote, “these people will be depreciating in calorific value.”

"Trait impulsivity," the preference for immediate gratification, has been linked to spending more on food, especially unhealthy, highly calorific food.