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What especially piqued Ruyle’s interest in the nTS is that it’s the first area of the brainstem to receive input from the large nerves that relay information about cardiorespiratory function.

Three of the Norwegians were killed instantly while a fourth, a woman, died in a nearby hospital after suffering severe hypothermia and a cardiorespiratory arrest.

For those who find themselves in the bottom 20th percentile of cardiorespiratory fitness, beginning any kind of aerobic exercise could have a big impact.

Dr Short said to prevent similar situations arising in the future, several recommendations were made, including improving handover notes and recording clear targets for maintenance of cardiorespiratory functions.

Senior author, UniSA's Professor Grant Tomkinson, says that cardiorespiratory fitness is probably the most important type of fitness for good health.