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The blockade also gave Israel gatekeeping power over any materials — cement, steel, batteries — needed for domestic infrastructure, if Israeli authorities judged they could help militants.

It noted that gains from more investments in construction in a country that already has ample modern roads, ports, railways and housing projects — and also massive overcapacity in cement, steel and many other manufacturing sectors will give the economy less of a boost than could be achieved with more consumer spending.

But emissions from heavy industry — like cement, steel or chemical factories — have been harder to curb and are now on pace to become by far the world’s largest source of planet-warming pollution.

China's exports to the EU of commodities set to be affected by the CBAM, such as aluminium, cement, steel, and fertilisers, are all big providers of export revenues to the country's economy.

Apart from cement, steel, aluminum, glass, and other big industries, Nuevo León is the third-largest producer of auto parts in the country.