51�Թ�

But whereas Xenakis was notably skeptical of John Cage’s “chance music” procedures, and improvisation generally, Wubbels is not.

He muses on the antagonistic interplay of his damaged hands at the piano, or the chance music of construction noise from the adjacent lot.

Well, John Cage thought that, and then you have the Cageian idea of chance music, which is cool, and Mozart, also cool.

Give me Books, fruit, French wine and fine weather and a little music out of doors, played by somebody I do not know—not pay the price of one’s time for a jig—but a little chance music: and I can pass a summer very quietly without caring much about Fat Louis, fat Regent or the Duke of Wellington.

In aleatoric, or chance, music, on the other hand, some elements of the score are more spontaneous.