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As these observations provide the first charged particle composition measurements within Europa's vicinity, they provide an important new window into the moons' complex interaction with its environment.

In the infrared spectrum, the lines emitted by a charged particle known as H3+ will vary in brightness depending on how hot or cold the particle is and how dense this layer of the atmosphere is.

Trying to measure gravity’s pull on a charged particle is a lost cause because it’s effectively impossible to nullify ambient electric fields that would skew the results.

Nearly a century ago the theorist Paul Dirac calculated a value, called g, for how much a charged particle should be affected by a magnetic field.

As a charged particle streaks through the argon, it will ionize some of the atoms, freeing their electrons.