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That kind of utopianism had significant resonance in 19th-century America, but one singular expression of it, Christian socialist William Bellamy's 1888 novel, "Looking Backward: 2000-1887," played a particularly significant role.

Francis Bellamy, a Baptist minister and Christian socialist from upstate New York, went so far as to swear in at least two affidavits that he had formulated the oath one blistering August night in 1892 in the Boston headquarters of a magazine for young people that he was promoting.

Bellamy, a self-described Christian socialist, had written “The Pledge of Allegiance” for the occasion.

After rebranding himself as a Christian socialist, he won elections in 2006, 2011 and 2016 and is expected to stand again in the upcoming election in November.

Markus Söder, head of the Christian Socialist Union and a potential candidate to succeed Merkel, told ZDF television on Monday that Nüsslein should resign his parliament seat immediately and donate any funds he obtained that are related to mask contracts.