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Those pensions are not huge, she says, particularly as her husband David was "almost forced into early retirement" aged 51 years old from his civil engineering role.

William Ibbs, a civil engineering expert and incoming chair of the peer group, said the potential funding cut will only add to the rail difficulty.

Julian Fairey, an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Arkansas, was the first co-author on the paper published in Science.

Geetam Tiwari, a professor of civil engineering, says that the main problem is that too much focus is given to solving the problem of car congestion on roads.

As a civil engineering student, Martinez had been interested in how phosphorus and nitrogen affect water quality, leading to algal blooms and low oxygen levels when discharged in high quantities into freshwater.