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The study also describes another new behavior, called piggyback leaping, when the male leading the chase in a courtship train leaps on top of the female, lifts his tail, and starts rapidly thrusting his clasper, or reproductive organ.

Former British Army surgeon Colonel Jonathan Clasper said the ballistic impact on her body in the blast was "equivalent to 15 to 20 handgun bullets".

Col Clasper operated on critically-injured soldiers at a former British Army hospital in Afghanistan.

"Every scenario we came to she would die," Col Clasper said.

Col Clasper said Mr Atkinson's chances would have been much higher had he have been treated within a 40-minute window.