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The first step was allowing the rats to create a baseline cognitive map of this virtual environment.

John O’Keefe shared The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience in 2014 for discovering that neurons in the hippocampus encode an animal’s location and create a cognitive map for navigation.

Neurons in the hippocampus called “place” cells selectively respond to being in specific locations, forming a cognitive map of the environment.

Tolman—a proponent of that school—coined the term: the cognitive map.

“If you don’t have a cognitive map, a representation in the mind of how you are going to achieve it, then there is no way to sustain your goal.”