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At the time, there was interest in the study of craniometry, the measurement of the cranium, and anthropometry, the scientific measurement of individuals.

It underlaid the pseudosciences of phrenology and craniometry, deployed to rationalize racism.

Wall locates the tests’ origins in eighteenth-century craniometry and phrenology, which established that “the best heads” belonged to “white middle-class men from northern Europe.”

Fā′cially.—Facial angle, in craniometry, the angle formed by lines drawn to show to what extent the jaws are protruding and the forehead receding.

Another work in which Virchow followed in M�ller's footsteps was the development of craniometry and, in general, the scientific investigations of skulls.