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While two are responsible for attracting male flies to small amounts of alcohol, a third ensures that excessive amounts have a deterrent effect.

He said Labour's decision to scrap the Tories' Rwanda deportation scheme shortly after entering office meant there would be no "deterrent" to stop people trying to enter the UK without permission.

He ended his tweet: “Even now, issuing a statement condemning the attack on Hamdan and the Masafer Yatta community would send a meaningful message and serve as a deterrent for the future.”

The University of Sussex fine was capped at £4.6m, the OfS said, adding that an "appropriate deterrent" against future breaches could be achieved with the lower fine.

With the phasing out of conscription in most European countries, the continent also relies on the around 100,000 battle-ready US troops stationed in Europe to help act as a deterrent against potential aggressors.