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In the nineteen-forties, doctors at Cornell University used a heat-emitting instrument known as a “dolorimeter” to apply precise increments of pain to the forehead.

Corkin and her colleagues learned that if you placed a pain-­inflicting device called a dolorimeter to Henry’s chest, he wouldn’t complain even as his skin began to turn red and burn.

For Cleveland's Dr. Lorand Julius Bela Gluzek has rigged up an efficient little machine called a dolorimeter, which measures pain in grams.