51�Թ�

This comprehensive behavioral mapping revealed that mice exposed after birth to a traumatic event -- in the case of this study, being neglected by their mothers -- displayed a variety of behaviors indicating that they found themselves at the bottom of the dominance hierarchy.

A previously offered explanation for these same-sex behaviors in primates is that they are a way to establish or maintain a dominance hierarchy.

And male mice that are housed together establish a dominance hierarchy, with alpha males expressing more than 10 times as much testosterone as the submissive ones.

In these cases, a dominance hierarchy arises, Mech adds, but it’s the animal equivalent of what might happen in a human prison, not the way wolves behave when they are left to their own devices.

That dominance hierarchy scheme only applies to the male turkeys, though.