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Bunnett is a founding scientist of Endosome Therapeutics Inc. Research in Bunnett's laboratory is funded, in part, by Takeda.

"We had a huge breakthrough when we saw that mtDNA was inside of a mysterious membrane structure once it left mitochondria. After assembling all of the puzzle pieces, we realized that structure was an endosome," Newman said.

"We had a huge breakthrough when we saw that mtDNA was inside of a mysterious membrane structure once it left mitochondria -- after assembling all of the puzzle pieces, we realized that structure was an endosome," says first author Laura Newman, former postdoctoral researcher in Shadel's lab and current assistant professor at the University of Virginia.

The endosome gets overloaded with these nucleoids, springs a leak, and mtDNA is suddenly loose in the cell.

The shape of ionizable lipids affects an LNP’s ability to disrupt an endosome, as does cholesterol, one of the other fats in LNPs.