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In order to mimic this structure, manufacturers use processes such as stretching, kneading, folding, layering, 3D printing and extrusion.

Mirny predicted that DNA inside cells is folded up and organized by specialized proteins forming molecular motors, in a process called “loop extrusion.”

The researchers used a technique called adaptive laboratory evolution to create a strain that is resilient to extrusion temperatures.

The answer to stopping asthma symptoms may lie in cell extrusion, a process the researchers discovered that drives most epithelial cell death.

Li and Md. Reza-E-Rabby developed the tooling and process envelopes for the solid-phase friction extrusion process that led to the patent.