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They found that, at every stage, male foetuses and adult sons were more affected by maternal smoking during pregnancy than females.

Parasitic twins form when one foetus partially develops while attached to the other.

Protesters outside abortion clinics, standing with signs - sometimes featuring graphic images of foetuses - have become a norm.

One couple said they opted for a termination after the foetus was diagnosed with several anomalies at their 20-week scan.

That vision is some way off but researchers are making progress, most recently in their understanding of how skin cells develop in the foetus during the early development stage of human life.