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As humans fragment the forests — that is, break large forests into smaller patches through construction and other environmentally destructive practices — the scientists learned that they restrict the movement of important frugivorous birds.

But how does the waxwing, among the most frugivorous of birds, know the crop is ready?

Despite their reputation as ferocious predators, which they certainly could be, they were normally “frugivorous and insectivorous,” as Roosevelt put it in The Times.

Nine years ago, Simon Ripperger was studying frugivorous — that is, fruit-eating — bats in Costa Rica.

Fruits use aromatic oils and alcohols to deter the growth of bacteria and attract seed-dispersing frugivorous animals.