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When the string of an instrument is struck, the fundamental frequency is overlaid by several harmonic overtones.

The song or fundamental frequency of the blue whale is so deep and such a low frequency that it is beyond the range of human hearing.

Over five decades, the “fundamental frequency” of a test group of women’s voices dropped by 23 Hz, which correlates with women’s entry into a previously male-dominated workplace.

The lowest frequency an individual produced – what in acoustics is called their fundamental frequency – and the loudness of its calls were the factors that best differentiated among the captive individuals.

But “the fundamental frequency of those calls was above 10 kilohertz,” he said.