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In fact, says Strlič, the smell is due to the release of chemicals such as furfural and hexanol as the paper itself decays.

The researchers made their ionic liquids using furfural, vanillin and p-anisaldehyde, which are aromatic aldehydes derived from lignin and cellulose.

Congeners include acetaldehyde itself as well as acetone, fusel oil, furfural, methanol's metabolites, polyphenols, histamines, esters, tannins, amines and amides, among others.

Brandy also contains a certain quantity of free acid, which increases with age, furfural, which decreases, and small quantities of other matters of which we have as yet little knowledge.

The actual production of furfural by boiling with condensing acids is a quantitative measure of only a portion, i.e. certain members of the group.