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Paul Bierman is a geoscientist and professor of natural resources at the University of Vermont with 40 years of experience studying glaciers and ice sheets.

But in the 1960s, the American geoscientist Paul Martin challenged that hypothesis.

"Sedimentation occurs, for example, on the hard-to-reach seafloor over a very long period of time. In addition, clay particles are only a few micrometres or less in size. As a result, conventional microscopy methods are not suitable for the observation of clay particles during sedimentation," explains Dr Rebecca Kühn, a geoscientist at MLU, lead researcher of the study.

Being an expert in the field of Earth system modeling, the Mainz-based geoscientist values the new detailed simulation models as tools to interrogate and assess theories about the world in ways not possible otherwise.

Dr Frery, a French-born geoscientist based in Western Australia, is investigating how it might be extracted, stored and used in an economically viable way.