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He said the pit is at the end of a geosyncline, a deposit of coal shaped like a canoe that stretched about two-thirds of a mile from bow to stern.

The mountain range can only arise where the geosyncline is deeply filled by long ages of sedimentation.

For long ages and through a succession of geological epochs, sedimentation had proceeded so that the accumulations of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times had collected in the geosyncline formed by their own ever increasing weight.

When yielding has begun in any geosyncline, and the materials are faulted and overthrust, there results a considerably increased thickness.

Again, the ancient and modern volcanoes and earthquakes of Europe are associated with the geosyncline of the greater Mediterranean, the Tethys of Mesozoic times.