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"Even though the periodontal tissue is composed of gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum, analyses are usually performed exclusively on gingival samples due to technical and quantitative limitations," remarks lead author Mr. Anhao Liu.

I would take a sample of the debris from the gingival tissue.I would place the sample on a glass slab and put it under a microscope.

Doctors who specialize in cosmetic procedures estimate that about 14 percent of women and 7 percent of men have excessive gingival exposure when smiling.

Allport reports the history of a case in which there was recession of the gingival margins and alveolar processes, the consequence of amenorrhea.