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The humanitarian catastrophe worsened late last year when Zamzam came under heavy artillery fire, which aid organisations, including Doctors Without Borders, blamed on the RSF.

Throughout this time the volcanic isle’s sprawling shoreline and rolling hills have served as a crucial military training ground where U.S. troops detonate grenades and fire heavy artillery.

An Associated Press reporter in the city heard heavy artillery and gunfire throughout the night into Friday.

At Dien Bien Phu, Vietnamese troops led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, surprised French forces with heavy artillery fire at their mountainous garrison in northwestern Vietnam.

Heavy artillery, moved to the front by rail and tractor and set up on reinforced beds, could demolish targets more than twenty-five miles away.