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The Interior secretary, Harold Ickes, was a man who sometimes parted company with his own administration’s policy over what he wasn’t reluctant to call “concentration camps.”

Some of those “bloodthirsty … race baiters,” Ickes believed, hoped to scare off the returning detainees from the “economic beachhead” they were trying to rebuild.

One of the two aides who served in FDR’s Cabinet for all 12 of his years in office, Harold Ickes, was a Republican.

“If this decision does not outrage the moral sense of the country, then nothing will,” FDR’s Interior secretary, Harold Ickes, wrote in his diary.

After Interior Secretary Harold Ickes imposed a truce between the two states, the guardsmen returned home from the war zone to be hailed as “conquering heroes.”