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“What’s disappointing to me is that this unregulated stuff really does give serious stem cell work, which could be lifesaving and life-changing to people, a bad name,” says Diana Farmer, a fetal surgeon at UC Davis who is running a clinical trial using placental stem cells to improve outcomes in in utero surgery to correct spina bifida.

Since April, NHS England has provided in utero surgery for unborn babies with spina bifida.

The in utero surgery was done between 19 and 26 weeks of gestation.