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“And it may be that this particular summer, we have just seen a lot more of a faster churn of some of the variants, and they’ve just been a little bit more infective,” Hudson said.

CJD is the most prominent of the handful of diseases, all fatal, that result when prions, proteins of uncertain function that are abundant in the brain, misfold into an infective form that spreads widely.

The disease is rare, however, people with previous valve surgeries, heart valve abnormalities, artificial valves, congenital heart defects or previous infective endocarditis have a greater risk of developing it.

But disposing of feces within 48 hours is enough to get any eggs they contain away from the area before they hatch and become infective.

“But there still seems to be a substantial benefit to updating your vaccine now, compared to being previously vaccinated or infective.”