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“We fought with disappointment, darkness, and also with words that could discourage us,” says IPM’s Maryam Torki.

IPM relieved Mansouri of the INO’s directorship in 2016, and Arbabi’s contract was not renewed a short time later.

The INO’s current director, IPM astrophysicist Habib Khosroshahi, did not respond to requests for comment.

IPM Group focuses on investments in InfraTech, which connects infrastructure and technologies that aim to tackle climate change.

The IPM approach uses a variety of tactics for managing pests rather than the nuclear option of dousing everything in pesticides, which kills good bugs along with the bad, Wilen said.