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He also offered to inject increasing doses of local anaesthetic without a prescriber present - again illegal - and did not ask for our reporter's weight, thus putting her at risk of an overdose.

Infections, scarring, significant deformities and reactions to local anaesthetic, including toxicity, are also risks.

The local anaesthetic numbs the nerves in the short term.

Others offer a steam treatment that takes about 20 minutes, under local anaesthetic, with the patient awake.

Teammate Le Roux Malan dislocated his ankle and snapped his tibia in a sliding tackle against New Zealand and underwent surgery within three hours with local anaesthetic while awake.