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But the palm-oil companies, Gelambong said, were much stronger than the Madurese.

Subro, a Madurese member of Nahdlatul Ulama, a huge and moderate Muslim civic group, fled pogroms elsewhere in West Kalimantan in 1999.

He now lives with his family on the edge of Pontianak, in an area where many displaced Madurese were resettled.

“As Madurese, we are worried because there were bad days before,” he says.

Madi, the, 78 Madurese, the, 224 Mafflian industry, the, 10, 14 Mafulu, the, 158 Magars, the, 170 n.