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Low and her co-author also examined whether the population of lab participants might have shifted in some way. While there are some differences in demographic groups from the two time periods, they restricted the population by factors like race or political party and examined matched sample results to test for variations.

That compares with 22 percent for a matched sample of male CEOs.

And in interviews at a leading institution that Murray declined to name, women consistently reported they had rarely been invited to serve on their colleagues' SABs — which was not the case in a matched sample of men.