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While VSL is legitimate for regulatory analysis, applying it uniformly to overdose deaths without regard to age, socioeconomic status, or employment introduces methodological bias.

He said it was key to providing users with important methodological information that would support transparency and trust in the Scottish government.

Newman has spent the past few years identifying what he claims are methodological errors throughout the longevity literature.

Those higher-quality studies also had a mean cohort age of 55 years or younger and followed up with their subjects past age 55, adding to their methodological rigor.

“That’s always the case with paleontology: The field gets to this boundary and then we just set up camp and hang around until somebody makes some new methodological break, and we advance,” Barden says.