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They’ve measured the cosmic microwave background, or leftover radiation from the Big Bang, with extremely high precision to help paint a picture of the first nanoseconds of the universe.

Throughout the decades, numerous observations of how dust, gas, and ripples in the cosmic microwave background, or the leftover radiation from the primordial plasma of the universe, moved indicated that dark matter exists.

The second method, called the early relic method, involves measuring the leftover light from the Big Bang in what is called the cosmic microwave background.

In recent years, the foundation has funded a new observatory in Chile’s Atacama Desert to observe microwave background radiation from the big bang, and created the Flatiron Institute, which applies computational methods to scientific research.

For example, scientists have already compared the new quasar map with the oldest light in our cosmos, the cosmic microwave background.