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Kentucky courts routinely protect the nonbiological parents—grandparents, aunts, uncles, family friends—who step up to parent when biological parents cannot.

But these very families do better when nonbiological parent–child relationships are protected.

For their part, courts and lawmakers throughout the country recognize the importance of these nonbiological parent–child relationships.

When discussing nonbiological parents, the conversation often centers same-sex couples.

So it may be in deep space, not on a planetary surface, that nonbiological “brains” may develop powers that humans can’t even imagine.