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In most of the studies, trial participants and nonparticipants got the same or very similar treatment.

Walker was listed as a nonparticipant in Tuesday’s practice, though that workout was a light one — players were not in pads — due to the quick turnaround to Thursday night.

James was on the field again Thursday in Costa Mesa but remained a nonparticipant in drills.

Comparing participants and nonparticipants, the study showed participants walked away with a clearer sense of their self-management and communication skills, more knowledge of the labor market and increased enrollment in school.

Like Catholic University, also a nonparticipant, Trinity Washington is near the Brookland-CUA station on the Red Line.