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However, he also cautioned against being overoptimistic as the price points remain unknown.

England were in charge of the first Test at Edgbaston before the cult of Bazball resulted in an overoptimistic declaration and reckless batting.

Max Boot, a scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations and onetime leading neoconservative, said this month on Twitter that he “was wildly overoptimistic about the prospects of exporting democracy by force.”

While these overoptimistic estimates of accuracy get published in the scientific literature, the lower-performing models are stuffed in the proverbial “file drawer,” never to be seen by other researchers; or, if they are submitted for publication, they are less likely to be accepted.

“Were you sloppy, lazy or overoptimistic about your prospects? If you were, that may be bad business, but it doesn’t necessarily rise to fraud,” said Will Thomas, an assistant professor of business law at the University of Michigan.