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The movement has found receptive audiences among people in positions of power in the media and policy worlds, Panofsky and his colleagues write.

Taking his cue from biographer Erwin Panofsky, who considered the whale incident one of the most important in Dürer’s later life, Hoare finds great significance in this seeming nonevent.

He engages the research of sociologists Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan, who have studied avowed white nationalists and white supremacists keen to demonstrate their notionally ‘pure’ European ancestral origins.

In art historical terms, this refers to what historian Erwin Panofsky called “disguised symbols,” which are objects intentionally inserted into artworks for their symbolic, not their literal, value.

Panofsky and Donovan presented their findings at a sociology conference in Montreal on Monday.