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As the movie progresses, the definition of God evolves into something sweeping and panoptic.

South Korean authorities relied on a panoptic software they had been developing to manage “smart city” projects — a dashboard to collect and analyze data to improve urban life.

In the US, Google and Apple have joined forces to create their own panoptic solution.

They suggest that one solution to what Gandy called the “panoptic sort” is to smash the tools that enable such sorting to take place.

Crucially, however, Lalami’s panoptic view is what enables her to strike such a balance at the end, and what establishes the novel’s identity from the beginning.