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While the phenomenon of "frustrated phagocytosis" had already been observed, its role in the pathogenesis of the concerned diseases had not yet been clearly established.

In addition, Yang also found gene-expression changes in microglia, which clean up waste and eat dead cells in a process called phagocytosis.

The volunteers produced a range of antibodies that bound specifically to different HIV strains, and the researchers saw clear evidence of phagocytosis, in which immune cells surround and digest cells infected with the HIV virus.

The cells are engulfed by a process that has molecular characteristics of phagocytosis, an engulfment process that immune cells use.

First, they measured phagocytosis of synaptic material in mice genetically engineered to lack CD47.