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The team's ultimate designs for short-chain ammonium phosphate and phosphonium phosphate IL additives resulted in 90-100% survival rates after seven days.

Yet many researchers and journalists still associate the term with the first such chemicals widely studied: for example, dialkylimidazolium, quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts, which were explored in the 1990s as potential ‘green’ solvents and electrolytes.

The mechanism demonstrates the impressive fluoride ion affinity of this highly electron-deficient phosphonium center.

The phosphonium salts are of but little importance.

If a small quantity of water is used, a larger deposit of yellow phosphorus is formed, together with a considerable quantity of phosphonium iodide.